I. La Naissance de la III eme République
CONTEXTE :
P138 questions 1 et 2
Une République contestée :
Doc 3 p 141 : La Commune de Paris
Proclamée le 4 septembre 1870 après la défaite de Sedan, la IIIe République peine à s’imposer. La période n’est guère favorable. La France est envahie par l’Allemagne et connaît une agitation sociale et politique. La Commune de Paris est une période insurrectionnelle de l’histoire de Paris qui dura un peu plus de deux mois, du 18 mars 1871 à la « Semaine sanglante » du 21 au 28 mai 1871.
La Commune de Paris :
Bien que n’ayant existé que peu de temps et qu’elle fut absorbée par les impératifs militaires, l’œuvre de la Commune est d’une richesse foisonnante.
La Commune entend réaliser l’aspiration du mouvement ouvrier français du XIXe siècle : « l’émancipation des travailleurs par les travailleurs eux-mêmes ». Fidèle à la Constitution de 1793, qui assignait à la société politique l’objectif d’établir » le bonheur commun « , la Commune se veut » la Sociale « . Répondant aux aspirations populaires, elle abolit le travail de nuit, interdit les amendes et retenues sur les salaires, combat le chômage, interdit l’expulsion des locataires, exerce un droit de réquisition sur les logements vacants. L’armée est remplacée par la Garde nationale, c’est-à-dire le peuple en armes, élisant ses officiers et sous-officiers. La Commune établit la gratuité de la justice, instaure l’école laïque, gratuite et obligatoire, crée un enseignement professionnel, y compris pour les filles.
Commune_de_Paris_barricade_boulevard_Voltaire :
L’armée versaillaise fusille sans procès les communards capturés lors des combats:
La répression est féroce, à la mesure de la peur et de la haine des classes dirigeantes : 25 000 à 30 000 massacrés (dont femmes et enfants),
36 000 prisonniers, 4586 déportés en Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Biographie de Louise Michel :
Institutrice, militante révolutionnaire et libertaire française.
Très active pendant la Commune, Louise Michel fait partie de la frange révolutionnaire la plus radicale et se porte même volontaire pour aller seule à Versailles tuer Adolphe Thiers. Sa mère ayant été arrêtée et menacée d’être exécutée pour faire pression sur elle, Louise Michel se rend pour la faire libérer. Surnommée la Vierge Rouge, elle est condamnée à la déportation à vie et envoyée en Nouvelle Calédonie où elle reste jusqu’en 1880.
II. La III eme République : les bases de la République actuelle
1/La Laïcité
2/Les symboles de la République
3/Les valeurs républicaines : une éternelle conquête. Le cas Dreyfus
La III ème République
1870-1940
La III ème République instaure les grands symboles français
|
Symbole |
Nom |
Signification / Histoire du Symbole |
|
L’Hymne National |
______________________ ______________________ |
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
|
Le drapeau |
______________________ ______________________ |
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
|
La devise |
______________________ ______________________ |
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
|
Figure allégorique de la République |
______________________ ______________________ |
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
Un grand principe s’installe dans la durée : la laïcité
Définir : Laïcité :___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Les grandes étapes de l’histoire de la laïcité en France
|
Déclaration des droits de l’Homme et du citoyens, article 10 : « Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, mêmes religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l’ordre public établi par la loi. » |
Date : _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ |
|
1792 : Instauration du mariage civil |
Quel régime politique l’établit ?____________________________ _____________________________________________________ En quoi est-ce une étape de la laïcisation ? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
|
1882 : Loi Ferry l’école devient laïque. |
Doc3 p 147 : Citez des arguments en faveur de l’école laïque : __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Doc 1 p 153 : Pourquoi peut-on dire que la loi Ferry ne s’ oppose pas à la religion ? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
|
La LOI DE SEPARATION DE L’EGLISE et DE l’ETAT, 1905 : Art.1 : La République assure la liberté de conscience. Elle garantit le libre exercice des cultes sous les seules restrictions édictées ci-après dans l’intérêt de l’ordre public. Art 2 : La République ne reconnaît, ne salarie ni ne subventionne aucun culte. (…) |
1.Quelle seule limite apparaît au libre exercice des cultes ?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Pourquoi selon vous la République ne finance-t-elle pas les cultes ?_______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. doc 4 p . 147 : Quelles sont les réactions des catholiques ? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
La III eme République en danger : 1870-1940
L’exemple de l’affaire Dreyfus
L’affaire Dreyfus est une affaire d’espionnage qui conduit l’armée française, en 1894, à condamner un des siens, Dreyfus, au bagne. Malgré des preuves de son innocence, elle refuse de réviser son procès. Sous l’impulsion d’intellectuels comme Zola dans l’article « J’accuse » de 1898 et des hommes politiques du parti radical, les dreyfusards réclament la révision du procès au nom de la justice, de la légalité tandis que les anti-dreyfusards le refusent par antisémitisme et pour protéger l’armée. Finalement, en 1906, Dreyfus est innocenté et acquitté.
1/Doc1 p 144 :
A qui s’adresse Emile Zola ?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Au nom de quelles valeurs Emile Zola défend-il Dreyfus ?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A quel sanction est-il condamné ?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2/ Doc 3 p 145 : Quelles doctrines ( idée) peuvent expliquer le parti pris des antidreyfusards ?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3/ En quoi cette affaire révèle un danger pour les valeurs républicaines ?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4/ Quelle conclusion peut-on porter sur le fonctionnement de la Justice ?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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